![]() ![]() The kingship ways of life, became the forces of degeneration, declineand downfall of the Islamic kingdoms and empires before the onslaught of their internal enemies and foreign invaders. They divided Muslim society into small and exclusive groups, which were incapable of welding into greater and stronger communities against their internal and external enemies. These basic ways of social and cultural life, the tribes and clans in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Caliphate and the caste-like Insaf and other kinship groups in towns and villages became hotbeds of social and political decay and disintegration. With this transformation, further development of Islamic society and culture was arrested, because Muslims could not break through the primary kinship relations of clans, tribes, castes and local brotherhoods. ![]()
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